Opinion | Parenting in the Age of Social Media and — Help! — A.I.

In March of last year, the social psychologist Jonathan Haidt published this book called “The Anxious Generation,” which caused, let’s call it, a stir. [CLIPS] Jonathan, I see people walking all over Brooklyn holding this book. The subtitle says it all how the great rewiring of childhood is causing an epidemic of mental illness. I don’t think anybody can dispute that. Oh my God, enough with the panic about kids using smartphones. Facing enormous pushback from other researchers. You cannot disentangle cause from effect. He ignores a lot of the positives. Telling a scary story that many parents are primed to believe. [END CLIPS] I always found the conversation over this book a little annoying because it got to me at one of the difficulties we’re having parenting, one of the difficulties we’re having in society, which is this tendency to instrumentalize everything into social science. Unless I can show you on a chart the way something is bad. We have almost no language for saying it’s bad. So I stayed a bit out of that debate. Because on the one hand, I couldn’t settle it. And on the other hand, I didn’t think I should come in and say it wasn’t important. We’re a year later, though, and two things have happened. Haidt’s book has never left the bestseller list. Week after week after week. That is rare. It has struck a chord. The other is that policy is moving in Haidt’s direction. [CLIPS] The governor of Utah has signed a sweeping bill to limit children’s access to social media. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis has signed one of the most restrictive social media laws in the country. This asshole, Ron DeSantis, might have done something. I agree with. The no cellphones in schools movement is going national. Florida classrooms, all schools in the Buckeye State, Michigan, South Carolina, This morning in Virginia we’re talking statewide at all Arizona schools. And now nine other states are considering the bans bands as well. How are your phone off. I feel a lot more confident, as a parent, we’re going to figure this out. By the time my kids are old enough for it to matter. And then, of course, the truck of I is about to t-bone whatever consensus we socially come to. Which scares, to be quite honest, the hell out of me. So I want to have Jon Haidt on the show to talk about all of it. He is a professor at New York University Stern School of Business. He is also the author of “The Righteous Mind,” which I think is one of the best books on political psychology, as well as other books. And he is also the author of the After Babel Substack, which is free, where he and some co-authors are continuing to prosecute the case and think through the research around social media. As always, my email ezrakleinshow@nytimes.com. Jon Haidt, welcome to the show. Ezra, it’s great to be back with you. So I want to just begin with a big question. What is childhood for? Childhood is evolution’s answer to how do you have a big brained cultural creature. You have to practice all sorts of things, all sorts of maneuvers, all sorts of social skills, in order to tell your brain how to wire up, to have the adult form. So if you focus on brain development, and especially for a big brained cultural species like ours, there’s a plastic period, a period where stuff comes in and it shapes who you are. And then once you’ve got that, now you’re ready to convert to the adult form. Be reproductive. Have a baby. But if you don’t have play in the childhood, you’re not going to reach the adult form properly. You had one statistic in the book that I think I’ve actually read before, but every time I read it, it shocks me anew. And maybe now, because I have a five-year-old who just turned 6, but that at five years old, the human brain is 90 percent of its adult size and it has more neurons than it will when you’re an adult. That’s right, because we’re used to thinking of bodily growth as just time equals bigger. But the brain is this amazing thing that has all these neurons that have the potential to connect in all kinds of ways. And as neuroscientists say, neurons that fire together, wire together. So if you repeatedly if you repeatedly climb trees or do archery systems will form in your brain that make you really good at that. Whereas if you repeatedly swipe, tap, swipe, tap and just respond to emotional stimuli, your brain is going to wire to do that, it’s asked you what childhood is for. And now I want to ask you a related but slightly different question, which is what is a good childhood. So a good childhood. There’s two ways to answer it. One is effective in making you a successful adult. That’s instrumental. What it sounded for. Yeah and the other is what’s a fun childhood. And they. I can’t say that they line up exactly in every culture. They certainly don’t line up in every culture. But we’re going to thrive if they have a lot of overlap. So almost everybody over 35 or so, I guess you’re an older millennial. How did you grow up when you. I am among the eldest of millennials, the elders, the millennial elders tell me when, at what age you could go out on your bicycle with your friends and go around the neighborhood. I don’t remember exactly, but I do remember I spent a lot of time. I lived on a cul sac in a suburb, and I do remember I spent a lot of time as part of just a roaming pack of kids who lived on my street, and we would be playing kickball on somebody’s garage door. And the other thing I remember about it that I feel like I see less of now is that it was highly age diverse. Exactly that’s right. So this is what human child has always been. There are periods, the Industrial Revolution where maybe kids didn’t have a childhood. But Peter gray, a developmental psychologist who co-founded let grow with me. He has some writing on Hunter gatherers and Hunter gatherers raised their kids in that way. There’s no thought that the mother has to be supervising the 4, 5, 6, 7, 9-year-olds. They’re all off playing with the other kids, and because it’s not a bunch of four-year-Olds getting eaten by a snake, it’s a bunch of kids, and there are 9 and 10-year-olds there. And so they learn to look out for each other. The older kids learn to care for the younger kids, and the younger kids remember they’re trying to wire up their brain to what is a functional member of this society. And the best role models for them are not kids their age. It’s kids a few years older. And so in America in the West, we’ve got these factory kind of schools where we put all the eight-year-Olds together and then all the 9-year-olds are together. But the healthiest is what you just said. And so my point is, everyone before the millennials had this childhood. The millennials are the transitional generation. So you were on the elder side. You got it. But in the 90s is when we really freaked out about child abduction, even though the rates are microscopic in this country. And even though crime was plummeting in this country in the 90s, that’s the decade when and you can see it in the charts. That’s the decade when we really pulled our kids in. We thought it’s they’ll get abducted. We can’t let them go in a different aisle of a supermarket or a man with a white van. I mean, all this crazy stuff comes in the 90s. Something you mentioned about the 90s in the book is I am familiar with the statistic that parents today, despite working two jobs much more often than they did in the past, despite fathers being more involved, they both spend much more time with their kids than they did before. I hadn’t realized that was not a steady increase over the decades, that it’s sharply an increase in the 90s. That’s right, that’s right. There’s this weird graph that I have in the book, which shows the number of hours both men and women spend in parenting. What you would consider time with your kid doing something. And the astonishing thing is that in the 50s, 60s, 70s, even into the 80s, there were big families. Women generally didn’t work. And yet women were not spending five hours a day parenting because the kids were raised the way that you just said, it’s not the parent’s job to socialize the child all along. It’s the parent’s job to provide the right environment to provide certain kinds of moral frameworks. But the real work of brain development doesn’t happen when you’re with your parents. Your parents are home based. They’re your attachment figure. When you feel securely attached, then you go off and explore. And that’s the mammal way. That’s what other mammals do. You go off progressively further from your home base. And that’s where the learning happens. It’s playing kickball, trying to decide, what do we do today. Oh, he broke the rules. No he didn’t. I want to get it. A tension in there with at least the culture of modern parenting. I think a lot of parents believe that the simplest way to ask, were you a good parent this week is how much time you spend with your quality time Quality time. That’s right, I feel that. Yeah and you’re saying here, that’s not true. It’s not true. It’s definitely not true. True you want to give your kids a quality childhood. You want to be a quality parent, but that doesn’t mean that you have to spend a lot of quality time with your kid. You need a warm, trusting, loving relationship. You need to provide structure and order and discipline. But this is what changed in the 90s is, and it’s in part because we stopped trusting our neighbors, it turns out, why did we stop letting our kids out to play. If you think of all the Robert Putnam stuff about Bowling alone and the loss of social capital, we used to at least trust that if our kids were out playing without us, other adults would look out for them. If something really went wrong, they could knock on a door like someone would help. But we begin losing that trust. And this is really bad for the kids because the kids don’t grow as much if their attachment figure is there. And it’s really bad for the adults, especially the especially the women. The mothers pick up a lot of this even though they’re working outside the home. So Yes, modern parenting is not good for the kids and certainly not good for the adults. So if you’re tracking dynamics here, you have the 90s. We’re getting more afraid of danger. You’re having this deterioration in social trust. This deterioration in is the whole community parenting your kid. And it’s right about now that you begin having an explosion in screen possibilities. That’s it. So I remember when I was younger, I remember Nickelodeon emerging. O.K right before then, there wasn’t a TV channel all that was programming for children at all times. Right Before then, it’s like there are cartoons sometimes. There was kids shows Saturday morning, but not. That’s right all the time. And obviously, from there, you get an explosion of cable channels. Eventually the internet eventually. You iPads and iPhones and video game consoles and all the rest of it. Talk about the handoff. Yeah Yeah. It’s the conversion over to this smartphone based, tablet based childhood. That’s when all the indicators of mental illness start rising around 2013, 2012, 2013. Now, I focused on the 2010 to 2015 period. But I think your question points out something I hadn’t really thought much about, which is cable TV. And you’re right that the digital environment just gets super interesting when you’re a kid. I was born in 1963, so I grew up in the late 60s, early in the 70s. I Dream of Jeannie and Gilligan’s Island, you know. And I’ve watched those I showed those shows to my kids and they said, this is so stupid. Like, they were really simple plots, but that’s all we had. Whereas you had cable, which was more engaging, and console video games. O.K, I got a Nintendo, the NES, not the Super Nintendo. The first mass available console and mass mass adopted. There were could argue about the Atari or whatever, but the Nintendo Entertainment System, what year was that. I don’t remember now, but I was young. You’re talking. You’re talking late 80s. Yeah O.K. To me, that’s a big dividing point, because the things that Nickelodeon and the NES do is they make it possible to put something on the television at any second of the day. Yeah they will entertain a child intensely. Yeah that’s right. That’s a good point. I’ve been more focused on the arrival of the internet, but the Nintendo didn’t require the internet, right. No right. So But you were not a gamer, John. Well, I was because when I was a kid, the game was pong, they were. They were. This is 8-bit Mario, man. This is the early stuff. So the early stuff was great fun, but it was not multiplayer. You had had a your friend had to sit next to you to play. right. So this I hope this will be a theme that I’m thinking a lot more about this. Like don’t just think about screen time. Think about what is it that makes it good or bad. And so because I remember just as video games was coming in and you’d hook it up to your TV. So like, my friends and I would get together, and we’d say, what do you want to do. You play play video games O.K, we’ll do that for a little bit, and then we’d go off and do something else. There’s nothing harmful about that. What happens in the 2000 once you begin to get the multiplayer games. Because this requires not just the internet, it requires high speed internet in order to have these amazing graphics shared in multiple screens at the same time without a lag. So that’s only 2008 2009 it begins to get popular. But then in this great rewiring period, 2010 to 2015, this is when everyone’s trading in their flip phones for smartphones, this is when high speed internet is increasing greatly. So by 2015 now you boys are all on these multiplayer games. My son played Fortnite. I didn’t let him until he was 13, but they’d laugh their heads off. The boys at least had that synchronous laughter. They’re not in the same room, so it’s not as good, but they at least had that. Whereas the girls are each alone on their own Instagram account, they might laugh at a meme at something, but they’re not having shared laughter. One of the reasons I felt myself a little put off by the debate that emerged around your book, with a endless back and forth on the identification strategy of was this really the cause of anxiety or a correlate of anxiety. And what’s going on in South Korea. Is it got at this feeling I keep having which is that we have lost any kind of independent and I would positively say, paternalistic idea of what we want human beings to be, and we have allowed it all to be dominated by metrics. So on the one hand, there is are you getting good grades, you’re getting good grades and you’re fine. It’s not really true. We definitely see it’s not true now because we’re watching kids. I mean partially through grade inflation, get plenty of good grades, not get pregnant as teenagers, not do a bunch of drugs, and they’re doing terribly. The other side of it, though, is that then there’s this, I would call it the logic of capitalism, the logic of the consumer economy, which is that if you enjoy doing it, if you want to do it, then we need to have a very high bar for a reason to stop you. Our view is that kids should not freebase crack all the time. We’ve decided like, that’s not something we should let them do. But if they’re playing multiplayer online, massive multiplayer online games all the time. And they enjoy it and their grades are fine. What are you really going to say. And somewhere in this, some texture is lost. I think that I associate more with classical education or something, but with we’re trying to develop certain facilities that are part of being a human being. Yeah, I always think about attention as one of them. What kind of attention. We hear all this concern now that kids are graduating in high school. Even kids going to good colleges can’t read a full book, a book, can’t watch a movie. But there’s more than that. I think we care about if our children are nice or kind. We have that. But there’s a lot about all kinds of virtues that we’ve just lost the way to talk about and that we’re not comfortable saying. I mean, I see it with parents all the time. You need some great reason to say the kid shouldn’t be on the iPad, and maybe it’s that you think their grades will be bad or their anxiety will be high, but you can’t just say nobody feels that comfortable saying it’s just bad. I just don’t want you looking at the screen all the time. I think it’s bad. I think it’s not the way to be a human being. That’s right. What you’re describing is the loss of any moral framework. And if you try to raise kids without a moral framework, it’s not going to go well. So that’s what I’d like you to talk a bit about. You have one chapter on this in the book. It’s a little shorter. It’s about spirituality. But your first book is all about moral frameworks. Connect these for me because I do. We lost paternalism like I do think parenting lost an idea that it is confident about. Yeah Yeah about what we are trying to raise people towards. And this. Yeah and while I want to stay away from politics, in our talk in general, what you’re bringing up is one of the divisions that I talked about in the righteous mind between left and right, and that is that in general, the right conservatism conserve what we have. There’s a wisdom to our ancestors. This is Edmund Burke. And so the right tends to see they have what’s called a constrained view of human nature. If kids don’t have structure and order and punishment for bad deeds, they’ll come out badly, whereas the left tends to habitually question existing arrangements and pull things down if they seem unjust, and the left is much more afraid to make value judgments and to impose a moral order on kids. That’s why it’s always the right that’s concerned about the garbage being placed on TV, because the right is very concerned about the moral diet coming in. Now, I think in the modern era, I think parents should be more like the conservatives in that respect, and here’s why. We already talked about the way the neurons are growing. They’re wiring up and you learn to run, climb trees, do all sorts of things. But a big thing you’re doing, especially in later childhood, is you’re learning the moral order. And humans evolved within a moral order. And I’m a secular Jewish. I was always on the left. Now I’m nothing. I’m not on any team. But when I was writing that book, I was really exploring ancient wisdom and discovering, Wow, I think every other society, they had this rich moral framework. They have a conception of the gods. There are reasons why you have to do things, and when you raise kids within a moral order, they have a sense of their place in the world and a sense of meaning. And when you take all that out and you say all that matters is what feels good, or all that matters is rights, or all that matters is some measure of material success. There’s no. Basically what you have is what Emile Durkheim called anomie. Or normlessness. And there’s a question on the Monitoring the Future study where for since the 70s, we’ve asked high school seniors, my life feels useless. Do you agree or disagree with that on a 5 point scale. And until 2010, it’s like around 9 percent say Yes. And then all of a sudden 2012, it shoots up. It doubles within five or 10 years. And so I think part of this is if you’re immersed in stories that have a moral order to them, which is what I was immersed in when I was a kid, all the stories had some moral and even I Dream of Jeannie. I mean, if you there was a moral framework that was put in by the adults who made the show. But what you see on TikTok and Instagram, they’re not really stories. They’re really amoral or immoral. A lot of them are just horrible things. The boys are seeing lots of videos of people getting in accidents or violence and so a long way to answer your question. Kids need moral formation. They need a structure, a shared moral framework. Morality only works like language. You can’t have your own language and you can’t have your own morality. It only works as a shared system, an order. And once kids move on to social media, it’s just a million little fragments of nonsense. There’s no moral order, but that means parents need it. And I do think there is a question of where parents get it or don’t. But Instagram, TikTok, get at this in an interesting way to me. O.K, I think it was. I was listening to a conversation with you some years ago, and you said something like, it is just bad for teenage girls to be endlessly posting pictures of themselves on the internet for other people to rate right through. I stand by that bold assertion, and I remember thinking, that’s so unbelievably fucking obvious and so much not how we actually just talk about it. Because what you’re making there was fundamentally a moral judgment. I behind it there is evidence. But I do find that within the conversation about social media and the way we’re constructing childhood, there is this demand to bring the studies. And I’ve said this before, I think if you could prove to me that it doesn’t matter at all for anxiety at 16 or earnings at 23, whether or not kids spend 2.5 hours or three hours a day on TikTok, I think it would change my view of whether they should do that. 0 percent O.K. Because I just think it’s a bad way to live. And it’s a bad way to live for other reasons. I think it’ll create by nature. It creates self-obsession. By nature, it creates this management of the personal brand, by nature, a thing where you are posting a lot of videos and photos of yourself online is going to make you think a lot about yourself. It is self obsessing and even if I couldn’t find correlates there of bad outcomes, I have a view on what it means to be a flourishing human being. That should not include too much of that wants to keep that boxed up a little bit in the human psyche. And this is where things feel like they ran aground to me in a lot of the debates. I feel parenting and the culture parents come from now, unless you are in some form of church, basically is incredibly insecure about making these judgments. That’s right, that’s right. I don’t fully understand why. I don’t think it is just a loss of trust thing. I think it is some set of forces that I don’t really understand, but I don’t feel like it was like that as much when I was young, and it definitely wasn’t like that as much in the past. That’s right. And separate almost from everything else. I think this is a huge failure in parenting culture. There’s just inability to say we have views on what is good or bad. That’s right. And they don’t require 16 years of randomized controlled trials. They’re just actually our views on virtue. Yeah and there I see this generational change. You can see that. You can see the tight moral order of the 1950s. And when you look at old movies like from the seconds and 40, there was a really tight moral order. And, it would be dramatic whether a woman could go into a man’s apartment that was like a so there was a really intense moral order around gender, around all sorts of things. And that, of course, begins to loosen up in the 60s. And there are many good things that happen because of that. But one of the concerns about modern secular society has been gradually lose this moral framework within which to raise children. And I’m really aware now of how we each we’re all influenced by our parents and just maybe a little bit by our grandparents. Culture is always come down vertically through generations, but that link is getting weakened. So I think there is a progressive weakening of a sense of a moral order, which affects how you parent. And then we end up with a kind of an amoral, focused on grades and I guess, be nice and a few other things. But it’s a very thin moral gruel, I’d say. And you can, I think, see this spreading throughout society. The idea that this is just about the kids is wrong. I know you don’t want to be political, and I know that the John heide agenda is being adopted in red and blue states alike, and we will talk about that. But you were saying earlier. Look, liberals and conservatives have these different moral foundations, and conservatives care a lot more about the moral inputs. And maybe that was true. I look around, I don’t see it. I’m not asking you to say whether Donald Trump is a moral or immoral person, but what I will say is that the Republican Party under him has become unconcerned with what was traditionally understood as vice in a very different way. So some of that is politeness and etiquette, but some of it is what should the policies be about. Sports gambling, right. There is a massive deregulation of sports gambling, which is so bad for boys consuming young men. Yes right. Destroying crypto is an adjacency of that. There’s a gambling perfectly fine things about crypto. But what we are at specifically permitting is crypto as a Casino. I was somebody who was very supportive of marijuana legalization, and I think it’s gone terribly. Yeah, I agree, and it’s gone terribly. I mean, among other things, because we have just allowed capitalism to get its hooks into it and create more and more and more potent products that are advertised everywhere. We have I don’t know if either side is particularly concerned with Vice right now, but the right has embraced a lot of this too. And I think part of that is just a collapse. There is no one left who has political power in this society who feels confident making, I would say, judgments that go against the market. There was a market for sports gambling. So we’re going to allow it. There is a market for crypto. I think about a lot of things in modernity, as capitalism is itself a kind of moral logic, and it is a moral logic built on individual expression of wants in the moment. And it was counterbalanced by much more potent religious logics. And these two forces held each other at a rough equilibrium for much of 20th century America, and at some point the religious counterforce has weakened so much that the system fell out of equilibrium, and now the religious forces are just not very powerful at all. I’m not myself highly religious, but I do think that these were countervailing players and we just don’t have them anymore. And the evidence of that being a problem is actually all around us now. I think that’s exactly right. I’ll just bring a couple of points to bear. One is there’s an incredible book called The age of addiction by David Courtwright, and he chronicles how people have always like, wanted sugar and they foraged for fruit. But then you learn to refine sugar and now you get sugar based products and then you get candy. And then so once we get a market based economy in the Industrial Revolution, we find more and more ways to make these products that our brains evolved to crave, but now they’re limitless. You can have limitless quantities effortlessly. And the same is true for opiates. You get opium to heroin to fentanyl. So a free market society. The best definition of it, I heard, is the one in which you can only get rich by making other people better off. And for the most part, in our economy, that is still true. But now let’s look at the products we’re talking about. If you’re a sports betting company if you’re a crypto company if you’re a video game company if you’re a social media company, are you making your money by making people better off, or are you playing on addiction, manipulating social forces. Are you spreading enormous negative externalities around society. And I would argue that’s what’s happening. And partly it is due, I think, to the deregulatory impulse to the fact that we have lost the ability to regulate things in a smart way. And so one principle I really want to make clear in all of this is we have to distinguish between children and adults. So we are generally libertarian country compared to Europe, where they’re happy to ban anything. When we’re talking about adults, I think we’re generally right. Generally, we should let adults do what they want unless there’s compelling evidence, some reason. But when we’re talking about kids, it’s entirely different. And when you have entire trillion dollar industries, where do they make their money from. I didn’t pay them a penny. You didn’t pay them a penny. Our kids didn’t pay them a penny. That entire value is created by breaking up the day into tiny little bits and sucking out the attention and selling it to advertisers and selling the data. So my point is, in general, free market good in general, free society is good. But they have this problem that certain industries have found out ways to monetize our weaknesses, and they get better and better at that every decade. And that’s what’s happening to us. I think I want to think about this, and I guess I’m going to make this next point a little bit to be provocative. I’m not sure how much I believe it. I understand argumentatively and politically why you want to just say, look, it’s fine for adults to do basically anything they want. But kids, kids are. The children are our future. We got to do something very different. They’re fine. I think in practice, it doesn’t work. Why is that. Because if you are going to allow something to be both highly morally and legally permissible the moment somebody is 18, or frankly, in a lot of your frameworks, 16 I’m not saying it is literally impossible that you will implement such a hard core age verification system that it will be impossible to do beneath that, it’s probably going to be pretty hard. Now, I think there are places where it works, but typically you want friction that is both moral and structural. It’s a little bit more of a gradation throughout society. What we have lost in a lot of places is friction, and there are things that you want to have some access to but there would be friction. We had access to things like sports, gambling, but you had to drive to Vegas, at least on the West Coast where I grew up, taking away all the friction, making it available virtually everywhere and online has just then made it very, very, very dangerous to people because some percentage of people are going to develop a gambling problem, and we know that pretty well. I have this view that the correct moment of marijuana decriminalization was when it was medically legalized under a kind of wink, wink, nod, nod structure in California. So you could get it. You weren’t putting people in jail for it, but you couldn’t have a store on every block. Selling hyper potent formulas to everybody who walked in the door. What we have done, and I mean this is the genius of capitalism. What it does is it seeks out how to make the thing more interesting, more potent, more seductive, more alluring. And that’s really great until a certain point. Yeah that’s right. At which point the friction between you. And the thing becomes too low. And then it’s very, very, very hard for the limited software of the human mind to regulate the wants, at least in some people. Yes And so there’s something about the loss of friction. And I suspect that and again, this is partially moral frameworks. If we’re going to be completely fine with it at 19, it’s going to be very hard to not be at for it to not be too present at 17. O.K all right. Hold on a second here. In general, I agree with you that the technology makes everything easy. And for adults, that actually is often good. Not always, but often good. But for kids, it’s disastrous because kids need to learn to do hard things, and the technology makes it easy for them to not do hard things. But if I could just add on started this off by saying, oh, you don’t think that we’re not going to get an actual age verification system. The one real obstacle that I have faced once I put the book out, parents love it. They’re embracing it. Teachers are embracing it. The main objection I get is resignation. It’s just people saying, what are you going to do. You the technology is here to stay. The kids, they’re going to have to use it when they’re adults. Might as well learn when they’re kids. You can’t put the genie back in the bottle, but actually we can and and we’re doing it. And so I just really want to make the point that we don’t have easy age verification now. But if we incentivize it, we’ll have it within a year. So my colleague at NYU, Scott Galloway, gives the example of how the social media companies, this industry, they have figured out, they put a lot of research and money into advertising. And so they figured out a way that when you click a link anywhere on the internet and then the page loads in between that time, there has been an auction among thousands of companies for the right to show you this particular ad. This is a miracle of technical innovation. And they did that because there was money in it. And now the question is, do you think maybe they could figure out if somebody is under 16 or over 16. So that auction knows how old it thinks you are. Yeah that’s right. Exactly they know everything about us. And they’re saying Oh, what are you going to do. The kids are going to lie like, what are we supposed to do. So we’re going to get age verification. Australia is pushing it. It’s going to work. It doesn’t have to be perfect at first, but within a few years it will be very good. So I will stop just trying to be provocative because I do believe you can do age verification. One reason I wanted to have you on right now. Is it feels like the world is tipping in this. Yeah So run me through you. Let’s stay. Not in Australia, but. But in the US. I feel like every day I turn on the news and I see some other governor or mayor announcing no phones in schools. Yep tell me the scope of this at the moment. Like, where are that we weren’t two years ago in terms of the laws being passed and the kind of announcements being made. So the way to understand why it’s changing so quickly is to go back before COVID. And Jean Twenge comes out with her famous article in 2017. Have smartphones destroyed a generation. Now, at the time, the empirical evidence was not clear at all, and she was savagely attacked by other researchers who said Oh, this is just a correlation. No, you have no evidence. It’s not causal. So that’s 2017. So by 2019, we’re beginning to see actually, wait, there is some evidence. And everybody’s now seeing something’s creepy about this, and we’re seeing our kids drift away. And then COVID comes in and what happens. What kids desperately need. In 2019, gene and I were saying was more time outside playing less time on screens. What happens. We freak out. We put in way too strict restrictions. We say, no, you can’t in New York, they closed the playgrounds. They closed down the ball fields. So no playing outside. You might catch COVID. So things get far, far worse over the next couple of years. But the kids have to be on screens. So it’s only as COVID began to clear away, people are of coming back to their senses about this. And that’s why everybody’s ready to act. And that’s why when my book came out a year ago, it came out in late March of 2024. I didn’t have to persuade anyone. Almost everybody saw, wait, something is going terribly wrong here. And so what’s happening around the world is that legislators are mostly parents, and they’ve seen it and they’re uncomfortable with it. It doesn’t matter if they’re Democrat or Republican heads of state mostly are parents. The way the Australia bill got started was in South Australia. One of the states, the wife of the premier was reading the anxious generation in bed, and she turns to him and says, Peter, you’ve got to read this book and then you’ve got to effing do something about it. It’s the way that he described it, at least in. So it is often I think mothers have felt it more keenly than fathers, mothers just they’re more emotionally connected in ways where they could feel the kids being pulled away. So that’s why it’s happening everywhere, because it’s obvious. It’s common sense. Most people see it what is happening everywhere. So I would say it’s a parent’s revolution saying we’re sick and tired. We’re not going to take this anymore. All over the world, family life has turned into a fight over screen time. We’re all fed up. We want to do something about it. O.K, what do we actually do. I wrote the book as an American, assuming that we’ll never get help from Congress. Now, I hope I’m wrong. There are some bills that could get through, but I was just assuming we have a dysfunctional Congress, let’s try to do this the way Tocqueville said that we do it like, let’s get together, let’s figure out how to do this. And so that means action at among families and at schools and at states. I am finding states are incredibly responsive. States, in the United States are either mostly red or blue. But this is a bipartisan issue. So the number one step that they’re all taking is so easy and so obvious. And it doesn’t cost anything, which is phone free. Schools check your phone in the morning. What are some of the states that are doing it well. Florida was one of the first, but they did it just during instructional time, which is worthless because then everyone rushes for their phone. They’re on their phone in between classes. They don’t talk to each other, so I’m not sure where they are now. Arkansas Utah. But Utah is interesting here because of every state has still the strongest religious culture because of the Church of Latter day Saints, and they have by far the strongest regulations on social media around children. That’s right. I mean, you see the way those two things, that moral framework and that willing to regulate what feels like a vice is happening there. That’s right. They also have a really excellent governor. Governor Cox has been just superb. He wants to make Utah the most family friendly state. And many states want to. And if we feel that we can’t let our kids out and our kids are rotting away on screens and their screens all day in the school, that’s not a family friendly place. So yeah, Utah has been great on this. Oh, here we are in New York. Governor Hochul has been great on this. We’re going to get phone free bell to Bell legislation here in New York. New Jersey is moving that way. Connecticut so we’re seeing it all over the country. That’s the phone free schools. So in the book I say there are four norms with four norms. We can roll back the phone based child. The first is no smartphone before high school. Do not give your kid a touch screen. This includes an iPad. Don’t give them their own touchscreen before high school or age 14. And that’s not a law. That’s a norm that we’re trying to promote. The second is no social media until 16. And that could be a norm. I mean, if enough of us do it, it gets easier. But we really need law. That’s where we really need law. And that’s why I’m so excited about Australia. Indonesia is, I believe, planning on it, a whole bunch of nations. If it works in Australia, it’s going to go global very quickly. I’m just clarification and I actually don’t know. Australia is no smartphone or no social media before 16. The key is the age of internet adulthood. At what age are you old enough to sign a contract with a giant corporation to give away your data and your rights, and let them stuff stuff into you, chosen by their algorithms. At what age. And current American law says as long as you’re old enough to lie, you’re old enough to do this. If you’re 10, you just say you’re 13 and you can. The companies can do whatever they want for you. Oh, and we can’t sue them. They’re freed from that by Section 230. So that’s the current law, is that there is no age of internet anywhere in the world. Like you just lie. But what Australia is saying is you’re going to the companies are going to have to figure out how to do this, that you have to do some age assurance so that if you’re 16, you can sign this away without parental consent. Your parents don’t have to know. And right now, 10-year-olds are getting on Instagram and TikTok, even eight-year-Olds. So this has to stop. And Australia, they finally put their foot down and said this is going to stop here. O.K, so that was the second. Yeah and you said the third. The third is phone free schools. And that I think we’re going to I don’t know how many, but I think it’s going to be the majority of kids. The majority of American kids are going to be in phone free schools within two years. So many states have done it already, and I think a lot of the rest are going to implement it by next, next September. So that one is that’s the main norm where there’s been spectacular change around the world. And then the fourth is far more independence, free play and responsibility in the real world. Because what I urge people to do is don’t just focus on taking away the screens, focus on restoring a fun childhood. As we were talking about before a human childhood, a childhood spent not under your parent’s gaze, doing homework or on a screen, but a childhood where you’re having fun with your friends in mixed age groups. So one of the things that I think is interesting and important about this, and it’s very present in your book, is how hard it is for parents to do it individually. Yes And I remember one of the solutions in your book is these little packs that would only activate when 10 parents signed it to not give the kids phones before ninth grade or 12, 12th grade, whatever it might be. And the idea was that until at least 10 other parents did it, you couldn’t do it because then your kid would be the only one without it. And it feels like it’s why it’s such an interesting and important place for legislation, because it really is hard to be a parent saying your kid can’t have. That’s right. What all the other kids have. And be on these messaging systems that they’re all using to plan things and. You actually do at a certain point, isolate your child at this moment that you’re trying to figure out a way to give them deeper social bonds. So legislation here. I mean, I find it very, very encouraging. It would be freeing. That’s right. What you’re describing is a collective action trap. And so the reason why we have to give our kids phones and Instagram is not because we like it, but because they say, mom, everyone else has it. I’m excluded. I’m being left out. And so the way you get out of a collective action trap is with collective action. And so that’s what I’m really urging in the book. It can be as simple as just talk to the parents of your kid’s friends, agree that you’re all going to have these norms, and then they’re not the only one. And especially if you get the kids together a lot, then they have a fun childhood. Two horrendous statistics that I can’t get out of my mind. The first is percent, which is the percentage of American teens that say that they’re online almost constantly, almost constantly. They’re not necessarily looking at the phone 16 hours a day, but if they’re talking to you, they’re actually thinking about the drama going on, and they can’t wait to check. So half of our kids are basically their consciousness, their lives are owned by a few big social media companies. Here’s the other stat that I just learned last week 40 percent That’s the percentage of two-year-Olds, two-year-Olds in America who have their own iPad. Because we’ve all discovered just give the kid an iPad or give them your old phone that you traded up from and she’ll be quiet. And you can do your email, and you can cook dinner and you can do what you want. And so it’s become normal to give kids this little babysitter, which is really like, I think, giving them morphine or something like that. I remember when I gave our kids an iPad to use, and I remember what age it was called three or four or probably one of them was sick. And I realized pretty quickly that YouTube was terrifying. Yeah and I don’t just mean because they would end up in weird computer generated the garbage that sometimes turn very creepy, although that happened too, but that it was the endlessness of it, the ability that they would never even watch a full thing because they were always like hitting the next thing. There’s always something more interesting. And this was when I began thinking a lot more about friction. Yeah, because the difference between me putting a movie on for them, right, a Pixar movie or something, and then having access to the algorithm. Yeah that’s right. You could really tell the difference in it. What the difference in what it asked of them. I think there’s a place I want to bring in something that obsesses me, maybe just strangely, which is attention. When I think about what it is, I want to try to parent in my children, I want them to be kind. I want them to be interested and curious about the world. But I want them to have a healthy attentional faculties, right. I want them to have healthy bodies and healthy attention. And I don’t really know how to do it. I have some theories, but this is one of these things that just terrifies me. When I read these things about these kids graduating who can’t read a book, it’s not because they’re stupid. It’s because we have raised them on technologies that have deranged their dopamine systems. It’s not normal. I mean, you talked about Hunter gatherers earlier. I don’t know what kind of attention Hunter gatherers had, but you have to cultivate the attention to read a tale of two cities. Yeah that is are developing an attentional faculty that changes the literal shape of your brain. That hijacks other centers used for other things. And I think that was good. I think that the written word and creating the literal brain was good. And we are uncreating it now. So two things. The first is in the anxious generation, I think I grossly underestimated the harm that’s happening because I focused on Mental Illness. But the bigger damage, I think is the destruction of human attention. In millions, possibly tens or hundreds of millions of kids around the world. And you talk to pre-K teachers, they’re saying the kids are coming with language delays, social problems because they were raised on iPads. So let me give a suggestion to parents like you with young kids, I wish I’d understood this when my kids were young. Let’s distinguish between a pretty good use of screens and a really, really bad use of screens. So a pretty good use of screens is to put on a long movie like 90 minutes or a long movie. They’re going to pay attention to a long movie about characters in a moral universe. So there’s issues of good and bad and norms and betrayal, and it’s part of their moral training, their moral formation, and they’re watching it with another person. Now, that can be, ideally, but it’s O.K if it’s a sibling or a friend because it’s social. Here’s what’s really, really bad iPad time by yourself. Because that’s exactly the opposite. It’s solitary. It’s not stories. And if they are stories, there are 15 second stories that are amoral or really immoral, really disgusting, degrading things and terrible people doing terrible things to each other. And then the other thing that I really want parents to understand is that this is not like TV. TV is a good way of entertainment. TV puts out a story, but a touchscreen is a behavioral behaviorist training device. A touch screen, you get a stimulus, you make a response, and then you get a reward, which gives you a little bit of dopamine, which makes you want to do it again and again and again. So a touch screen can train your child the way a circus trainer can train an animal. TV isn’t like that. So iPad time, iPhone time for your 345-year-old is just not a good thing. Well, it trains us all. I mean, to go back to something I was saying earlier, one reason. I am skeptical of this very sharp cut between kids and adults is, I think, an adult’s attentional faculties are being deranged, including, by the way, mine. But there is this problem where I mean, I professionally need to keep my attention healthy, right. And it is a day to day fucking struggle. That’s right. And so for adults too. And also kids become adults, right. All these kids are talking about from this generation. You’re talking about I mean, 24-year-olds were 16-year-olds not very long ago. They were growing up in this. Yeah and this is one of the things I worry about it for democracy, but I just worry about it. I think there are more and less healthy forms of attention. And I think that we have tipped at some point into a society less healthy, a society less healthy form of attention. And we don’t really know what to do about that. And we don’t want to scold people about it. We barely even have the language for it. Yeah but I think we’re developing it because everyone feels. Most people feel what you just said, I feel it, we all feel it. I focused on kids. Because in terms of policy, the ability of our country or states to put limits on kids for their own protection is very, very high. As soon as you turn 18, it’s an entirely different game. So I don’t think we’re going to ask for a lot of legislation to protect US adults. Now, Johann Hari has this wonderful book, Stolen Focus, and I believe he’s right when he says, if we adults clear it out, if we take, well, take a Shabbat. Although, a Sabbath is one day that’s not enough. You need a couple of weeks, actually, to get the dopamine circuits to re-adapt to normal levels. But if we adults clear it out, then we can regain our attention. I think he’s right in saying that. Whereas if you go through puberty doing this, if we have 10-year-olds on TikTok and they stay on it until they’re 18, there’s a possibility, we don’t but there’s a possibility that it will cause permanent changes and that they will be permanently less able to pay attention to read a book. This is a way in which I think we have trouble talking about it. Take the fight we’ve been having about TikTok. We are willing to have this debate about whether something is intentionally important as TikTok. TikTok is, I would call it, critical. Attentional infrastructure should be owned by a Chinese company. Yeah that’s right. It’s the greatest demolisher of attention in human history. Well, whether you even want to go that far, which I would too. But it is something that is capturing an almost unfathomable amount of the attention of Americans every single day. So we can have this conversation about do we think it should be owned by a Chinese company. We are not willing to really have a conversation about is it good that so many people are training themselves to have such fast attentional change for, I mean, for many of them, hours a day, right. The stickiness of TikTok use is extraordinary. If you look at it, if you look at survey data on its user base, and I mean, it’s built to be that way. It is. It is successful because it is sticky. That’s right. And we have unleashed this or allowed this to be unleashed on the entire country. I teach a course at NYU Stern called flourishing. These are all business students. They’re mostly sophomores, 19 years old. And I say, do you want to be successful. And they all say Yes. Say, well, if you give away all of your attention, I can almost promise you, you’re not going to be successful. You’re not going to do anything. So step one in this course is you must regain control of your attention. And the students who are heavy social media users who cut down from four hours a day to less than 1, they get transformative results. They have so much time. They can do their homework. They’re not as distracted. They have more. They’re more open to other people. But something you just said, it goes back to this question that sits for me about what are we connecting our judgments to. Because you said, well, look, these are business school students. You’re telling them you can’t be successful and not have control of your attention. I would say absolutely can be successful and not have control of your attention. Give me a layout of. Elon Musk is highly successful and is a man who is clearly attention. You don’t think. Yes O.K. But you don’t think that when he was building these businesses, you don’t think that he sometimes went hours at a time focusing on a problem. I think probably when he was building. But this is a bit of what I mean, that everybody who is in these worlds can see people now who are by any measure successful in part by dominating the attentional sphere. Yeah and posting constantly. And I don’t think Donald Trump has a great attentional faculties. I do think you can be successful in the modern world. We are reshaping the modern world. There’s a whole category of influencer, right. I think part of being an influencer is almost by nature, having truly adapted yourself to this attentional environment, in part because of these systems, these platforms are building themselves to reward it. They are. They are encouraging this. You have to post enough or you’re not going to get into the algorithm and get what you want out of it. I’m not sure it’s healthy. I’m sure it’s not healthy. I’m sure it’s not healthy. But part of how Elon Musk became the richest man in the world was harnessing all this attention, much of it negative. Part of how Donald Trump became the President of the United States twice is harnessing all this attention, really embodying the attentional ethic of these sites. And even in a smaller way, there are fewer newspapers now, there are fewer stable jobs and institutional media. In many ways, it’s probably more likely that you can become an independent creator, certainly, than it was like 20 years ago. Is there a danger that the way you want us to raise children is actually suffused in nostalgia for an economy, for a politics that no longer exists. It’s not being deformed. It’s being adapted. In theory, Yes. There is a danger of that. And history would suggest examples of it. Every generation is wary of the technology that comes in that the kids are using. But if it turned out that our kids were flourishing, then I would just be an old man shaking his head at the clouds. But our kids are the least flourishing generation that we know of ever. Certainly in modern times. If it was the case that our kids loved this stuff and they said, no, we love TikTok, no, let us keep TikTok, then maybe I just don’t understand it. But we did a survey with the Harris Poll. Percent of Gen Z said they would prefer that TikTok was never invented. Never invented. They feel trapped by it. So if you’ve got the kids, they don’t want to give it up, which is the paradox, but they don’t want it, but they don’t want to be the only one. If we could all give it up, then they actually most of them would do it. The idea that would be banned was not greeted with flowers and chocolate. No, but guess what. There wasn’t much objection. There were creators, there were people making money from it. But I was surprised there was not a youth rebellion saying, no, let us keep. I think you’re not on TikTok well, and you’re not a legislator getting no. Letters about this. Well, right. Because TikTok paid I mean, TikTok motivated a lot of them to write to their legislators. But the point is that when you survey them, they feel trapped and they’re looking for an escape. They’re just terrified of being the only one. So in theory, I maybe I could be wrong and we will adapt to this, but I think the way you described it. Well, no, they’re just, they’ve adapted to it. I would say they’ve been deformed by it. So there’s a sense in which they fit. But they fit not as agents. They fit not as full human beings who are making a future of themselves. They fit as human fodder that has been sucked into the machine and molded to what the machine wants out of them, which is their attention. And if these trillion dollar companies are sucking out all of their attention and making trillions of dollars with it, and leaving what behind a person who spent their entire childhood consuming content. This is one of the tricky things about success right now, because visible success is almost definitionally constantly present on social media. So what people see, what whole. A whole generation sees as the kind of success that you can look at it constantly and see it advertising itself to you as success is success, it is highly, intentionally present, which is very different than the kind of success of a tremendous physics researcher whose work you can’t read. And that’s right, because it’s very complicated. And they’re not posting a lot of memes about it. So what you’re describing is a path that opened up to prestige. Now we’re really focused at all ages. We care a lot about what other people think about us. And boy, do you see that with teenagers, they’re the most sensitive of all. So teenagers are desperate for prestige and what the social media companies did. And we know this from things that insiders have said is they hacked that. They said normally throughout history, to become prestigious, you had to become a good Archer or a good leader or a good basket Weaver. You had to do something in the world, and then people would respect you and you would gain in social status. That’s the way it always used to be. And what social media is able to do is say, you don’t have to do anything. Just do whatever it takes to get people to follow you. And bingo, you’ve got prestige. And where does it end. I’ll tell you where it ends. And one of the most disgusting apps I’ve ever seen. Well, there’s lots of competition, but there’s a thing called Fame Fame. And the idea is lots of young people are lonely. They’re not able to get followers. They’re putting stuff out there. Nobody’s watching. Well, that’s really crushing. Imagine you’re a 9-year-old not getting any followers. But if you give her Fame Fame, will generate as many followers as you want. Millions you got it. Millions of followers and you can see them video. They’re praising you. They’re giving you hearts. So family is a way to take what you just said that. Oh well, Yes. Well they actually they are searching for a way to be successful without any attention. No need. Just give them family. And this is I followers I followers. That’s right. Oh, this is the most Black Mirror shit I’ve ever heard. Exactly, exactly. This is where we’re heading. And as AI comes in. And this is why I am so passionate about how we have to move quickly. This year, 2025. This is really our last year before I really has a big impact on life. And we see now that we’re moving not just from can know everything to now we have agents, you can do everything. I mean, the internet in a sense gave us omniscience. But now I with agents is going to give us omnipotence. And that would be horrible for children. Let’s talk about I. I have this not just fear, but certainty. If you ask me, do I think that by the time my 3 and 6-year-old are in middle school. We will figured out the smartphones and social media and schools question. I think we will. We will. I feel really bad for parents three years ago even right now. But give it a couple of years. I think partially due to your good efforts. We’re getting there. But I right. And it goes from me back to friction. What I is functionally the collapse of all friction between you and any desire that can be fulfilled by on a computer. That’s right. So relationships are the one I actually think about the most. I’ve said this many, many times before, I’m a believer in transformational artificial intelligence. I think it’s coming very, very fast. If you ask me if I think we will see economic supergrowth anytime soon, I would say no. I think it is going to be more evident in its upheaval of relationships before it transforms our economy. Because our economy has all kinds of friction in it, it’s very hard to rebuild firms around AI. But what about when you can have any kind of digital friend you want, or for that matter, digital lover and that friend, that Lover There’s a really good daily on this recently about AI sex bots. Yeah, I listened to that. That was great. The sound in that, though, was frightening to me because you got Why the was a good partner, more responsive than any man, probably more responsive than any man. And it is so much worse at doing that right now than it will be in two years. That’s right. Yes, that’s right. Like, it is going to be so good and and it’s going to endlessly adapt to what you want from it. And I think the friction of relationships between human beings is really, really important. It’s good for me as a person that my wife just does not adapt herself into whatever I want her to say, right. It is part of being a healthy human being that other people exist with friction to you. And I’m not saying that I think kids who get character-I are going to stop wanting human friends. I don’t believe that they’ll have less desire. I was a very lonely kid. I did not have many friends. What if I had had a lot of friends. And that began to pattern my expectations of other human beings, and then when they did not fulfill them. Yeah then that was a frustration to me, and it made my community that much more alluring. This scares the hell out of me. I’m not saying that on a 20 year time frame we won’t adapt, but on a 5 or 10. We don’t even know how to think about. The way we adapt is by preventing kids from having these friendships. So I think you’re a little too focused on friction. You’re right. It’s important. But you keep coming back to that. But there’s always 5 to 10 major psychological things going on when kids and adults too are interacting with this kind of powerful technology. So here I’ll draw on a really insightful analysis from a Christian writer, Andy crouch. I did a session with him at NYU. We had a conversation mostly on chapter 8 of the anxious generation on the spirituality chapter, and he said something so powerful. I always bring it up because it’s so helpful. He said what is magic. Magic is instant, effortless effect on the world. Snap your fingers. Something appears. It’s always been the human dream. And technology is essentially magic. Technology allows us to do things. You want a car to come pick you up, press a button. Hey, here’s this car. So the technology is magic. And he says, now let’s look at how children are formed. How do you get an adult. And again, he’s coming from a Christian perspective. So they care a lot about the moral formation, the religious formation of their children. And he says the three areas of formation for children are home, school and church or any religious organization. So he says those are the three areas. And he says all three of those areas are now colonized by tech. All three of them. In all three of them. Kids have magic available to them all the time, even in church. I’m hearing from pastors they say, pull out your Bible. They pull out their phone, they look at the passage, but then they go on and do something else. So I think we have to stop. It’s not this is not even about the content. We have to stop saying oh, we just need better content moderation. No we don’t. We need to realize kids have to go through a childhood in the real world with other kids within a moral universe where they experience the consequences of their own action, and they have to learn how to deal with real people who are frustrating. And if we give them AI companions that they can order around, they will always flatter them. We are creating people that no one will want to employ or marry, so we’ve got to stop. As I alluded to I was a pretty friendless kid. I had a lot of trouble socially. I would often have one or two friends, but for a lot of my childhood, I alienated people. And I remember at one point my mom saying she wanted to. This is kind of a sad story, but wanted to pay this nice older kid on the street to watch me, but function to be my friend. I had the embarrassment or the presence of mind to say no to that. O.K I try to imagine, though, as I was like moving school to school to get away from bullying and was having that much trouble. And my parents had no answers for me because they did not trying to keep that kid as that kid’s parent from disappearing into the computer. Disappearing into this world where well, somebody will be something will be his friend. Something will be his companion. And, of course, what’s going to be the thin edge of the wedge is I tutors, right. Which can be very effective, very powerful. That’s right. And they’re going to be positive too. It’s not that this technology will have no good adaptations. Even now, I sometimes use ChatGPT with my kids and we sit together and we make up stories and it illustrates them, which is like a really fun thing to do. And it’s great. It’s all easy to sit here and say, well, I don’t want my 13-year-old having a sex bot or an array of sex bots in their pocket, but it’s not going to come in that much in the way that the internet came in more benignly before it got jacked up to 11. It’ll come in for kids who are having a lot more trouble socially. But now there’s somebody for them to talk to. For kids whose parents work multiple jobs, they have a single parent, neurodivergent kids, neurodivergent kids, and a lot of it will be good. It will be good for some kids. And the more adoption there is, and the more these companies are already in the door and competing with each other, then for your kid’s attention, the more the darker side of it will begin to flower. That’s right. And that’s what worries me here. It’s all so new. It’s all so new. But it’s all so adaptable. I was talking with somebody who works at one of the big AI companies about this, and he was saying to me Oh, but the good thing about AI is that it’s really flexible. You can tell it, you can give it whatever value prompt you want to give it. If you want to tell it to not just do whatever your kid want. You could do that. And yeah, it always true that you could. But when I look at the way the markets actually work here, that eventually what’s going to happen is we’re going to give people what they want, not what we think they should want. And that’s the part. I can imagine negotiating structures on this over a long period of time as we have a social media, maybe, but we’re not going to understand it for a long period of time, right. We’ll never catch up with it. And it’s going to be evolving very rapidly during this period of time. And it really frightens me as a parent. Yeah, as it should. So a couple of concepts here. One is the concept of entanglement. So Tristan Harris of the Center for Humane Technology points out that social media has gotten so entangled in our world that it’s really hard to roll it back. Many schools communicate on Instagram. They require their kids to have smartphones, so it’s really hard to rip it out once it’s already taken root. Both of my kids’ schools communicate with me by app. Yeah, that’s right. It’s like hard not to have a phone. They don’t. It’s like it’s by app. It’s not even by the computer. It has to be on my phone. Your phone. That’s right. So social media is so entangled, it’s very hard to rip it out. It’s going to be very hard to get it out of our kids childhoods. But that’s what we’re working on. AI is not yet entangled. AI is just coming in, and in two or three years it will be entangled. And as you say, there are many good applications. Khan Academy uses AI very well. And if we could have a device that just did. Khan Academy and nothing else that I can see would have a positive impact on education, maybe we don’t have to throw out all the iPads from the schools. Maybe we could use them if we can reduce them to one function. The one thing I worry about with using the AI to draw everything my kid wants to draw is that does it reduce the interest in actually drawing. Oh Yes. Yeah that’s right, it does. I mean, kids are losing the ability to draw, to write. So what I’m saying is these technologies so far, Silicon Valley has a horrible track record at living up to its promises, especially for kids. So social media is going to connect everyone. No, it actually disconnected everyone. So when the purveyors of I say Oh, there’s all these amazing uses and AI, there clearly will and there already are. I mean, I’m finding that Claude and ChatGPT are just really helpful adjuncts to research. So I love AI as an adult. But we have to understand children are not adults, and given the track record so far, we have to assume we have to assume that these AI companions will be very bad for our children. That’s what the Silicon Valley people themselves say, in the sense that they have already voted to keep their kids away from social media and technology. They send their kids to the Waldorf school. So we have to approach all of this with a really skeptical eye, especially for our children. Start by assuming it’s harming your kids, and then you can bring in some uses where it’s not. Let me ask you about another dimension of this, which I’ve found myself obsessing over recently. So you’re a professor at business school and you’re a professor at an elite school. And we were talking about instrumental education earlier. I think that it was a pretty reasonable expectation. I think parents would raise their kids and push them to study with the expectation that what. If they could get to the NYU Stern School of Business are probably going to be O.K out there in the economy, right. You could orient your they could be the classic immigrant thing if you could be a lawyer or a doctor. You’re going to be fine. And then you mentioned how good AI is getting at being an adjunct to your research. And I already see that I’ve been playing around with deep research, and I can already see how good that is getting at research and how quick it is. And it would change what I needed in terms of research. It feels like an event horizon to me. It does of what should my children be educated towards. In many ways, I would say it’ll be much safer to be educated towards being an electrician than to be educated towards being a contract lawyer. Yeah and I doubt. There has been a moment as a parent when what society, the economy will want or value or reward in people in 15 or 20 years has been as liquid. Yeah that’s right. How would you think about this. So the way I think about it is that I often hear the argument, well, this is the world that kids are in. And for them to be successful, they need to master the technology. And it’s going to be in the workplace. And my answer is very simple. I’m teaching these kids, if you want to send me someone who’s going to do well NYU Stern, don’t send me someone who has mastered Instagram. Send me someone who was homeschooled. Never had any of this garbage. They’re able to pay attention. They’re able to read a book. They’re in a sense, our brains are LLMs in a sense. And so if don’t send me kids whose LLMs were filled in by TikTok, send me a kid whose LLM was figured in within a stable moral community, and that kid is going to be adapted for the future because he didn’t have the current technology when he was growing up. The current technology is a giant obstacle to human development, and so if you want to prepare your kid for the future, think very carefully about the technology you immerse him in. I do feel like this is a connecting thread in a lot of your work, which is that human beings need to develop as human beings around other human beings in little human societies. That’s what we evolve, and that the more particularly in childhood, pull them away from that, the worse they will turn out in terms of mental health, but probably a lot of other things. Sometimes I would never say that as a blanket rule. We don’t have to raise our kids the way Hunter gatherers did. There are many aspects of modern life that are improvements. So I would not endorse a blind well, this is the way it used to be. This is what we should do. But when we begin to see evidence and it’s just kind of obvious, what do you think. Do you think kids should be raised around other kids or around screens like it’s just kind of obvious. So, so Yes, I’ve always studied morality, but I’ve always done it from multiple perspectives. I’ve always been a developmental psychologist, a social psychologist, an evolutionary psychologist. I cultural I read anthropology. So you put all these together and you get this view of this amazing, amazing species that developed culture. No other species has culture. I mean, chimps have a tiny bit, but. And the miracle of our ability to develop these skills and the ability to communicate. And then we come in and we radically change childhood and we think maybe it’ll be O.K. Well, it’s not O.K. We didn’t radically change childhood. We didn’t think about radically changing it. A few companies did. A few companies have radically changed child, and we’ve accepted it, and we can’t. And we feel we can’t stop them. And they’re able to stop bills in Congress and they’re able to they have giant PR budgets, and they’re able to manipulate the narrative behind the scenes. So yeah, it’s a hell of a struggle. But what we’re seeing is a parents revolution around the world. And I think if most parents rise up and say no more, I think we’re going to win. It’s interesting that you’ve had to sit down and ask, what is a syllabus on flourishing. Yeah Yeah. What is a syllabus on flourishing. Oh, I can tell you in just a few words. The course is organized around making you stronger emotionally so stronger, smarter. And more sociable. Because if we can do that together, if we can have to cultivate new habits, make changes to your routine. If you can become stronger, smarter. And more sociable, then you are likely to be more successful in love. Broadly construed relationships, in love and in work. And that’s the modern formula for happiness, success in love and work as Freud, as Freud originally said. And if you are more successful in love and in work, then you will be happier. That’s almost guaranteed. So that’s what the course is about. What that you assign connects the most. Oh, this. Well, I know you’re going to ask me about the three books. What Why don’t we just do. Let’s just do the three books right now. Because this is the three books. O.K, so what do I assign the three books for the undergrads, especially. And this is what I would recommend to any member of Gen Z, any young person in their 20s. Anybody who feels their attention has been fried and they want to get it back. Here are the three books. The first is the Stoic challenge by William Irvine. It really makes stoicism just so accessible. You learn to when you get setbacks. The students learn to say Oh, I just missed the subway. Now I’m going to be late. Like stoic challenge. You just say stoic challenge. It’s as though they’re stoic gods and they’re testing me to make me strong. And yeah, I missed my train. But am I going to also hurt myself by stewing for 20 minutes. Nope I’m going to be calm about it. And so you develop that habit more stoic reactions and they get stronger. They’re not so anxious. They don’t. They don’t get angry or irritated at other people. So much so stoic. Challenge the second book is by Cal Newport. It’s called deep work, and this is why I’m so passionate about attention. Without your attention, you can’t do anything. And as Newport says, a deep life where you do a lot of deep work, a deep life is a good life. It is a rich life. And so Cal Newport, we work on that to regain their attention. I tell them we work on turning off almost all notifications, on moving social media off your phone onto your computer, and then for some deleting it from the computer. So that’s a wonderful book. And then the third book is Dale Carnegie how to Win Friends and Influence people. It is timeless. He seconds and he is such a great social psychologist. So I urge everybody, listeners, if you have not read Dale Carnegie how to Win Friends and Influence people, I urge you to read it, ideally in the 1936 edition. It’s so charming. Don’t get the modern one for the digital age. It’s completely rewritten. It’s not. The writing’s not nearly as good. But those are the three books, and so the first one makes you stronger. If you do the stoic challenge over a couple of months, you get stronger. You’re not as reactive to negative things. If you read deep work and take it seriously, you’re going to spend a lot less time on social media. You’re going to take control of your time so that you have time for deep work. And if you read Dale Carnegie, you’re going to be just much more effective in conversation and maintaining relationships. That’s it. Those three books. Jonathan Knight, Thank you very much. Thank you, Ezra.